The Genetic Control Of Early Embryonic Development

In 1995, Wieschaus, Nusslein-Vollard and Lewis were awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine for their work in the field of developmental genetics. What did they do, and why were they awarded the Nobel Prize? Introduction In 1995, the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine was shared between three scientists - Christiane Nà ¼sslein-Volhard, Eric Wieschaus and Edward B. Lewis, for their work which focused on â€Å"the genetic control of early embryonic development† (1). This essay will discuss the discoveries of each of these three scientists, and the wider implications of their work – implications that made them worthy of the Nobel Prize. The Research of Christiane Nà ¼sslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus In the late seventies, Christiane Nà ¼sslein-Volhard†¦show more content†¦2014)) (5). Drosophila is a commonly used ‘model organism’ in animal biology and genetics, partially because they have a short life cycle (6) and a newly fertilised egg can develop in around ten days (Figure 1). In their study, published in Nature in 1980, Nà ¼sslein-Volhard and Wieschaus describe mutations found in the offspring of females treated with mutagens (7). They describe mutations found on the first, second and third chromosomes – 15 loci in total (4). These mutations were put into three groups, depending on their effects on Drosophila development (4). These categories were: †¢ Segment polarity genes – control the development of individual segments. †¢ Pair-rule genes – control the development of repeating segments – i.e. every other segment. †¢ Gap genes – control development along the antero-posterior axis (4). Each one of these categories represent a different stage of development – from gap genes in early development to segment polarity genes in later embryonic development (7). The Research of Edward B. Lewis Edward B. Lewis began his research into Drosophila genetics in the thirties, when he was still in high school. Along with his friend Edward Novitski, he had studied Drosophila after school had finished for the day. During his undergraduate education studying biostatistics at the University of Minnesota (8), Lewis studied the Drosophila mutant ‘rough-eye’ and ‘Star’ (S) (8). Following

The sport that I am working to improve is hockey as it is the main sport that I play Free Essays

The sport that I am working to improve is hockey as it is the main sport that I play. I currently play for my school 1st XI and also for a club team. I play about five times a week, which includes the matches of about two a week on average plus training sessions. We will write a custom essay sample on The sport that I am working to improve is hockey as it is the main sport that I play or any similar topic only for you Order Now During each week I have one fitness session in order to maintain the level that I have reached so far. I am confident with all aspects of my game but all of them require ongoing improvement. Hockey requires many different skills and abilities. During a game of hockey the players are required to do movements such as stretching, fast responses to different actions of the opponents, and to maintain a high level of activity throughout the match / game. Firstly, speed and agility in a match are vital to allow the player to contribute fully to his role in the game whether it be defending or attacking. They are needed whether trying to catch up with a player or move away from them. Flexibility gives the player a wider range of movement, which would help in both attacking and defensive scenarios. Players must be able to maintain a high level of cardio-vascular and muscular endurance throughout the game so that it does not have an effect on their overall performance. My current activity levels are high with myself playing hockey (whether it is a match or training) on Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. Each session lasts for approximately one and a half to two hours. The sessions are not always at the same time of day with them varying from early morning to late evening. In addition to this I play other sports at the weekend including matches and coaching sessions. Whenever possible during the week I have one fitness session consisting of about 30minutes. This allows me to maintain the level of fitness I have already achieved in the season. I play in a defensive position in a game of hockey and therefore I must have quick reactions in order to be able to respond to the movements of my opponents. Also I need to be able to stay with the opponent when marking them and this requires both speed and endurance. Speed is needed so that I can keep up with the attacker, which gives me a chance of tackling him, and endurance is needed so that I can stay with the person for long periods of time. I know from my own experience that I have definite strengths and weaknesses. My endurance is one of my strengths although it can still be improved dramatically which would have huge improvements on my overall game play. The weaknesses are in the form of agility and sprints and these are both extremely important also. In the sprints, it is the beginning of the running that is slow, which allows the attacker to get away from me in a game. Agility has no specific area to concentrate on so the entire area needs to be improved. By improving my sprint speed it would put me at more of an advantage against other opponents than I had before. It would allow me to stay with them and keep put pressure on them rather than me always trying to catch up with them which does not put as much pressure on. They would not have as much time to prepare themselves as I would be there in a much shorter time. Agility would have an improvement on every aspect of my game whether it is defensive or attacking. It would improve my time it takes to change direction and also allow me to work better at different levels whether it be up or down. Endurance would improve my game all round also especially in the last quarter of the matches. I would be less fatigued and therefore less likely to make a rash decision or to play a bad pass which normally happens when a player begins to get fatigued. This would put me at an advantage against most other players, as I would be able to react to different situations more appropriately. How to cite The sport that I am working to improve is hockey as it is the main sport that I play, Papers

Marketing Plan of Social Enterprise Salvation Army

Question: Describe about the Marketing Plan of Social Enterprise Salvation Army. Answer: Introduction The report is basically discussing about the market analysis of the company. The report covers the historical background of the company, market analysis, environmental factors which affect the operations of the company, market trends and impacts, analysis of market mix and its impact, and marketing plan for the company. It is very important to develop an effective marketing plan for every organization to achieve the goals and objectives properly. For the discussion, the company Social Enterprise Salvation Army in Australia has been taken. The company Social Enterprise Salvation Army is known as the part of Christian church. It is one of the largest social welfare organizations in the world. This company provides social services and social programs for those individuals who are socially barred in the society. The Social Enterprise Salvation Army organizes more than 1,000 social programs and activities with the support of community centres, and churches across the country (Socialtrader s, 2016). Profile of the organization In this report, a marketing plan is developed for the organization named Social Enterprise Salvation Army who serves those people who are really in need. This company provides social services and social programs for those individuals who are socially barred in the society. The Social Enterprise Salvation Army organizes different social programs and activities for the welfare of the society. The organization is also serving in different countries across the world. The organization provides services to those people who are homeless. The organization has its annual budget around $700 million for the social events and service activities. Organization has established a strong relationship with the society by providing better services. For this, organization as opened the stores named Salvos Stores. The organization has about 200 stores available in the different places in Australia. The operation of Salvo stores are retail business, recycling goods and relying on the charity of the people. The main target of the organization is those people who have no education because of insufficient resources, poor health, no home, and who feel powerless in the society. By serving them, the organization is improving its capabilities and seeking opportunities for the growth. The stores of Salvation Army of Australia are in need of an internal evaluation, market analysis, and an environmental analysis to determine how they will improve upon their main objectives. Assessing the internal and external factors of the organization was essential to study and was conducted through a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis and a comparative analysis. Mission: The mission of the Social Enterprise Salvation Army is to meet the human needs without any unfairness. The message is based on the Bible. The organization provides quality of resources in its services. Vision: The vision of the Social Enterprise Salvation Army is to identify and develop the leaders and contribute to increase the self support of human beings. The aim of the Social Enterprise Salvation Army is to increase and innovation in the services of the welfare of the society (Salvation Army, 2016). Historical development The organization Social Enterprise Salvation Army was established in 1865 by the Methodist minister named William Booth. The organization was started its journey as the Christian Revival Society. The founder the organization was a social worker and he gave up his comfort for the welfare of the society. He decided to help those people who were poor, homeless, hungry and insolvent in the society. He wanted that the people who are poor and homeless, they came to church and pray with others equally. But soon he realized that it would not work and then he developed a mission to found a church especially for those people named East London Christian Mission. Now the organization Social Enterprise Salvation Army is working around 150 countries. The organization has started its stores in 1880. The organization gets fund from the sales of products in the stores. It stores are accountable for its actions taken for providing services to the society (Salvation Army, 2016).. Market analysis Market analysis is an important concept for the non-profit organizations because their mission and vision do not change according to the market situations. There is availability of wide range of marketing strategies for the Salvos stores that can be implemented by the organization without changing its mission. These strategies are identifying the customers who are really in need i.e. market segmentation, developing the image of organization to attract those people i.e. product positioning, developing the communication plan to communicate those people i.e. advertising and communicate with people by the different channels which they use regularly i.e. place (Basil, Deshpande Runte, 2008). There are two main points about the Social Enterprise Salvation Army stores. First is that marketing in the stores of Social Enterprise Salvation Army is guided by the consumer-cantered mindset and second is that the marketing framework in Social Enterprise Salvation Army stores is operated by the ac tive staff members. For the market analysis of Social Enterprise Salvation Army stores, there are some factors that are to be considered. The factors are: Market Size- The size of market refers to the volume of the market in which the organization is operating. The volume of the market depends upon the number of consumers and their demands for that organization. Along with this, market size also includes the market potential which tells about the highest limit of the market. Market size of the Salvos stores is vast. The store operates in most of the cities across the Australia such as Sydney and Melbourne. Salvos give contribution to reduce the unemployment. Salvos conduct job placement services which reduce unemployment. Along with this, vocational trainings are given by the stores. Organization works for unemployed people and help them to improve their lives (Brace-Govan, Brady, Brennan Conduit, 2011). Market trend- Market trend refers to the movement of market upward and downward. It can be analyzed by the marketing mix, product research, competitors analysis etc. The organization can offer the best services for the welfare of the people. The stores of Social Enterprise Salvation Army serve those who are need help in the society. The Australian community considers it as a non-profit organization. It provides valuable goods to the people by the stores. The organization depends upon the various funding come from the government trading revenue and investment income (Liao, Foreman Sargeant, 2001). The different sources of income of Salvos stores can be seen by the graph: Figure 1: Source of funding (Source: Salvation Army, 2016) Market opportunity- For Social Enterprise Salvation Army stores, charity may be an opportunity for the organization. The Salvation Army is operating more than 400 stores in Australia. The stores are selling those goods which are donated by the public. So, people of the Australia can be opportunity for the Salvos stores. Their donation and goods can be helpful to serve more and more people in Australia. Along with this, by identifying the needs and requirements of the needed people, Salvos stores can earn more profit (Macedo, Pinho, 2006). Environmental factors There are the environmental factors which affect the operations of a non-profit organization. The Social Enterprise Salvation Army operates in many countries. So, the operations of the organization are affected by many environmental factors such as political, legal, economic, technological, environmental and social factors (Bennett Sargeant , 2005). Political Aspect: The stores of Social Enterprise Salvation Army have to face many political factors while operating the business. The country Australia has big society and the stores have to make such policy which covers the whole society. There is another factor in political aspect is that governments deficit reduction plan has decreased the local government budget and the local government is the channel of funding for Salvos stores. Cuts in the public sector has increased the pressure on Salvos stores and decreased the ability to raise the fund. Economic Aspects: The stores of Social Enterprise Salvation Army are non-profit stores and are operating in different cities of Australia. Unemployment is the issue for the organization and it is the result of increasing gap between the rich and poor. So, the demand of good work is expected by the Salvos stores. Although there are many difficulties such as identifying the needed people and providing the services to them but the organization seeks itself that it would be able to have better economic condition. Social Aspect: Social Enterprise Salvation Army is being affected by the atmosphere of society where it is operating. There are many social aspects such as needs, humanism and social exclusion which are important for the Salvos stores. The Stores always try to provide equal services to all the people of the community. The Salvation Army stores recognize the area of needs which are required to be improved. Along with this, stores always try to maintain good relationships with society by providing better services. Technological Aspects: Social Enterprise Salvation Army also faces challenges with the new technologies. The organization is trying to adopt the new technologies so that it can provide best services to the needed people. It is using new trends to improve services and events. Social media is very popular to increase the awareness among the people of Australia. Environmental Aspects: There are different environment and atmosphere in different areas. Social Enterprise Salvation Army has to operate in different environment to ensure that the organization is able to provide better services in different environment. Legal Aspect: In different countries, there are various rules and regulations imposed by the government of Australia. These rules can be different laws such as tax laws, employment law, health and safety law, import and export law and consumer law etc. The stores of Social Enterprise Salvation Army have to follow these regulations for operating its business in the countries (Vessenes, 2003). Industry environment This is the group of the services provided by the organization to its consumers. Social Enterprise Salvation Army stores are famous for its unique service events among the consumers in the society. The stores have unique service features of services such as service events, programs, and activities which are especially for the people who are in need. The organization helps the youth to improve their lives (Courtney, 2002). Competitors analysis Competitors environment refers to the collection of information related to competitors strengths, weaknesses, intelligence and capabilities to operate the business. The stores of Social Enterprise Salvation Army have already created a brand image among the people of the society and this makes it different from the other organization. It is popular as a non-profit organization in the society. Organization has more than 400 branches of stores in different cities compared to other non-profit organization but it always provides better services to the society (Andreasen Kotler, 2003). Market trends and impact Market trend analysis refers to analysis of the situation of current market. It is helpful to improve competitive ability of any organization. This is the tool of marketing which enables the organization to make effective decision to capture the market and to increase the market share. The study of the market trends of Social Enterprise Salvation Army includes the analysis of the organizations strength, weakness, opportunities in market and threats faced by the organization in market. The situation of the organization in market can be identified by SWOT analysis (Ritchie Weinberg, 2000). SWOT analysis is kind of similar like the analysis of profit organization. There are other factors in non-profit organization such as fundraising, helping staff, and goodwill of the organization that a profit organization does not have. Non-profit organization must include SWOT analysis wile planning financial development (Williamson, 2009). Strength: There is some strength which a non-profit organization has as compared to commercial companies. One of the strength which the stores of the Salvation Army have is the tax exemption. The organization gives such services, in which the buyers do not pay service tax and sales tax. When the organization buys the medicines and drugs for the patients, it does not pay tax for such products. Along with this, the stores have helping staff in many fields that provide better quality of services to needed ones. The helping and active staff of the organization is very important part of the business. Salvation Army take benefit from this tool and the different type of staff in who are always ready to help others. The stores have effective website which creates the people awareness. Weakness: There are most of the non-profit organizations that hardly include their expenses with the revenues. Non-profit staff gets minimum salary. There is always a budget problem in the organization. Salvation Army also has deficit in budget and it needs the support of government and charity. Along with this, there is small number of staff and relevant to the number of duties, proved insufficient to maintain several programs efficiently. Opportunities: Charity may be an opportunity for the organization. It may be from the government agency or private agency. But finding those grants and applying them is a very critical task. Sometimes, non-profit organizations collaborate with the other commercial business and it becomes an opportunity for the both companies. Use of social media can also be helpful for the stores to increase awareness. Campaign for increasing brand awareness can also be an opportunity for the Salvation Army stores. Threats: Sometimes organization has to face many economic crises. Charity can be cut by the customers when they want. So, stores have to face difficulties in operating its business. It is not sure for future. So, Salvation Army stores should not be dependent on the charities. Because a small scandal can be damaging for everything. High poverty level is also a threats for the organization. Impact of market trends By the analysis of market trends, the Social Enterprise Salvation Army stores will be able to identify the opportunities available in the market and threats which can be faced by the organization in the market. By the analysis, Social Enterprise Salvation Army stores will also be able to know that what is the strength inside the organization to operate the business in the market and what are the weaknesses from which stores have to overcome to compete with other organizations. There are many non-profit organizations in the market who are also trying to serve the community with effective services. For the stores of Salvation Army, analyzing market trends is very important part for business operation. This is very important for the organization to promote and share the information effectively regarding the organization among the customers (Alam, 2014). It is important to find out the techniques of work for the stores. Stores can use social media such as facebook, twitter order to be su ccessful to provide services and increase awareness among the people of Australia. Best practices of social media such as for Twitter include tweeting about things that people care about. References Alam, M.M. (2014). Market Orientation and Innovation: Are They Related Concepts: International Journal of Trends in Economics Management and Technology. 3(6). pp. 1721. Andreasen, A.R. Kotler, P., (2003). Strategic Marketing for Non-profit Organizations. NJ: Prentice-Hall. Basil, D.Z, Deshpande, S. Runte, M., (2008). The Impact of Cause-related Marketing on Nonprofit Organizations: International Nonprofit and Social Marketing Conference. University of Wollongong Basil, M., (2011). Marketing and social enterprises: implications for social marketing: Journal of Social Marketing. 5(4), pp.285 - 306 Bennett, R. Sargeant A., (2005). The non-profit marketing landscape: guest editors introduction to a special section: Journal of Business research. 58. 797-805. Brace-Govan, J., Brady, E., Brennan, L., Conduit, J., (2011). Market Orientation and marketing in nonprofit organisations Indications for fundraising from Victoria: International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing. 16(1). pp. 8498. Courtney, R. (2002). Strategic Management for Voluntary and Non-profit Organisations. UK: Routledge Liao, M., Foreman, S. Sargeant, A., (2001). Market versus societal orientation in the non-profit context: International Journal of Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Marketing. 6(3). pp. 254268. Macedo, I.M. Pinho, J.C., (2006). The relationship between resource dependence and market orientation: The specific case of non profit organisations, European Journal of Marketing. 40(5/6). pp. 533553. Ritchie, R.J.B. Weinberg C. B., (2000). A typology of nonprofit competition: Insights for social marketers. Social Marketing Quarterly. 6(3). 64-71. Salvationarmy, (2016). History Heritage. Retrieved on 12th October 2016 from https://www.salvationarmy.org.au/Who-We-Are/History-and-heritage/ Salvationarmy, (2016). Vision. . Retrieved on 12th October 2016 from https://www.salvationarmy.org/ihq/vision Socialtraders, (2016). FINDING AUSTRALIAS SOCIAL ENTERPRISE SECTOR 2016: ANALYSIS. Retrieved on 12th October 2016 from https://www.socialtraders.com.au/app/uploads/2016/07/Fases-2016.pdf Stauffer, D., (2003). The Power of Competitive Intelligence. Cambridge: Harvard Business School Publishing Vessenes, P., (2003). Cash Is King, but Marketing Is Everything. Journal of Financial Planning. 16(2). Williamson, D., (2009). Marketing Communications in Non-profit Organizations. Centre for Public and Non-profit Leadership. Georgetown University.

Swot analysis of unilever free essay sample

Unilever is a company that serves in almost all the continents and over 190 countries of the world. It has a wide variety of products serving the people of all ages. Based on its core competencies and strategic outlook its strengths are; Strengths Company operates its operations nearly 190 countries and they also have 270 manufacturing sites worldwide  · Strong portfolio of brands and diversified product range  · Company has more than 400 brands known as multinational brands but some of them operate in some countries and company calls it local brands.  · More than 13 international brands have contribution in sales more than 1 billion Euros. And Unilever top 25 brands account for more than 70% of sales Products of the company  · Personal wash: soaps,  · Laundry: Surf, detergants,  · Skin care: Dove, Ponds,  · Hair care: Sunsilk,  · Oral care: CloseUp, Pepsodent,  · Deodorants: AXE, Lynx,  · Food and beverages: Lipton, PG Tips, Research and development  · Company spend huge amount on Research and development worldwide.  · Price, quality and variety  · Unilever has 400 brands available in market with different packaging and quantities. We will write a custom essay sample on Swot analysis of unilever or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page  · Customer rely and believe in the quality of product because of their trust in unilever brands Competitive advantage  · Wide product variety  · Promotion, marketing and advertising  · Effective and attractive packaging  · Research and development  · Economy of scale Unilever operates more than 270 manufacturing sites around the globe to achieve economy of scale easily. It gives competitive advantage to company Opportunity External conditions those are helpful to achieving the objective.  · Health conscious products demand Now a days people like to eat healthy food which contains fewer calories and use those products which will not harm their environment. This gives a good opportunity to Unilever to add more and more products in its product line.  · Changing life styles Now people are more aware about innovations because of the media. Company can use changing life style and increase the demand of the products.  · Emerging new markets Now a days new markets are emerging company can expand their business to cover these markets. Like Russia, Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan.  · Increase production volumes Unilever can concentrate to increase production volumes and they can try to increase their availability in the market. By increasing production volumes and availability it is possible to achieve high demands of products. Move operations to undeveloped countries Company needs to focus to move their production operations in undeveloped countries. Than they can find cheap labor and save money on operations and they can build a supply chain towards expensive markets. Then their profitability will be high. Threat External conditions which could do damage to the businesss performance. Economic downturn Biggest threat now days are recession. \. Company needs to focus on how to become environment friendly. The chances of Global competition are growing. New companies are coming with innovation. If Unilever wants to stay in market they need to focus on innovation to kill competition around the globe. New local products New local products are introducing in the market. As the sizes of local companies are small they have fewer expenses and when they provide cheap product they can grab the market share of Unilever easily. legal effects If the government introduces any sort of law for tax or it introduce new limits for production because the product is harmful for human use or natural environment. It will be very hard to sell out the product in the market.

Simplest Formula From Percent Composition

Simplest Formula From Percent Composition This is a worked example chemistry problem to calculate the simplest formula from the percent composition. Simplest Formula from Percent Composition Problem Vitamin C contains three elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Analysis of pure vitamin C indicates that the elements are present in the following mass percentages: C 40.9H 4.58O 54.5 Use the data to determine the simplest formula for vitamin C. Solution We want to find the number of moles of each element in order to determine the ratios of the elements and the formula. To make the calculation easy (i.e., let the percentages convert directly to grams), lets assume we have 100 g of vitamin C. If you are given mass percentages, always work with a hypothetical 100-gram sample. In a 100 gram sample, there are 40.9 g C, 4.58 g H, and 54.5 g O. Now, look up the atomic masses for the elements from the Periodic Table. The atomic masses are found to be: H is 1.01C is 12.01O is 16.00 The atomic masses provide a moles-per-gram conversion factor. Using the conversion factor, we can calculate the moles of each element: moles C 40.9 g C x 1 mol C / 12.01 g C 3.41 mol Cmoles H 4.58 g H x 1 mol H / 1.01 g H 4.53 mol Hmoles O 54.5 g O x 1 mol O / 16.00 g O 3.41 mol O The numbers of moles of each element are in the same ratio as the number of atoms C, H, and O in vitamin C. To find the simplest whole number ratio, divide each number by the smallest number of moles: C: 3.41 / 3.41 1.00H: 4.53 / 3.41 1.33O: 3.41 / 3.41 1.00 The ratios indicate that for every one carbon atom there is one oxygen atom. Also, there are 1.33 4/3 hydrogen atoms. (Note: converting the decimal to a fraction is a matter of practice! You know the elements must be present in whole number ratios, so look for common fractions and become familiar with the decimal equivalents for fractions so you can recognize them.) Another way to express the atom ratio is to write it as 1 C : 4/3 H : 1 O. Multiply by three to obtain the smallest whole-number ratio, which is 3 C: 4 H : 3 O. Thus, the simplest formula of vitamin C is C3H4O3. Answer C3H4O3 Second Example This is another  worked example chemistry problem to calculate the simplest formula from the percent composition. Problem The mineral cassiterite is a compound of tin and oxygen. Chemical analysis of cassiterite shows that the mass percentages of tin and oxygen are 78.8 and 21.2, respectively. Determine the formula of this compound. Solution We want to find the number of moles of each element in order to determine the ratios of the elements and the formula. To make the calculation easy (i.e., let the percentages convert directly to grams), lets assume we have 100 g of cassiterite. In a 100 gram sample, there are 78.8 g Sn and 21.2 g O. Now, look up the atomic masses for the elements from the  Periodic Table. The atomic masses are found to be: Sn is 118.7O is 16.00 The atomic masses provide  a moles-per-gram conversion factor. Using the conversion factor, we can calculate the moles of each element: moles Sn 78.8 g Sn x 1 mol Sn / 118.7 g Sn 0.664 mol Snmoles O 21.2 g O x 1 mol O / 16.00 g O 1.33 mol O The numbers of moles of each element are in the same ratio as the number of atoms Sn and O in cassiterite. To find the simplest whole number ratio, divide each number by the smallest number of moles: Sn: 0.664 / 0.664 1.00O: 1.33 / 0.664 2.00 The ratios indicate that there is one  tin atom for every two  oxygen atoms. Thus, the  simplest formula  of cassiterite is SnO2. Answer SnO2

A Case Analysis On Arik Air Nigeria Commerce Essay

A Case Analysis On Arik Air Nigeria Commerce Essay This essay is a case analysis on Arik air Nigeria and will therefore seek to identify the major threats and opportunity in the environment, analyse the strength and weakness of the company, identify the strategic position of Arik air, and suggest a strategy to be adopted by the airline in an effort to sustain its competitive advantage. BACKGROUND Arik Air is Nigeria’s biggest indigenous commercial airline offering domestic flights to major cities in Nigeria and with an expanding network of regional and international flight operations to major cities in the world (Eze, 2010). Presently, Arik Air flies to 17 Domestic destinations in Nigeria and 8 International destinations (Arik air, 2010: Online). Arik Air Nigeria The company’s corporate mission is: ‘To be a safe and reliable airline by selecting and operating new, modern aircraft and by employing the most experienced and efficient staff.’ (Airkair, 2010: Online) Vision: ‘To make Nigeria proud of its aviation industry’ (Arikair, 2010: Online) Strategic Intent: Arik’s strategic intent is to be the preferred airline carrier of choice in West Africa. (Airk Air, 2010: Online) EXTERNAL ANALYSIS: The external analysis was conducted using PESTEL Framework and Porter’s five forces as the basic tools (Thompson, 1997; Luffman et al, 1996; Welsh, 2005; Johnson et al, 2009) in an effort to understand the effect of changing environment on Arik Air’s operation. The findings based on pestel framework (See Appendix 1) and Poster’s five forces (See Appendix 2) are as follows: An analysis of the political environment revealed that governments around the world are tightening immigration regulations due to the surge in terrorism the implication of which is a reduction in the number of global traveller thus posing a threat to airline including Arik Air. (Stevermen, 2009; Cartar, 2010). However liberalization and Deregulation efforts are being made in several regions of the world with Asia setting a target for the full liberalization of its skies by the year 2015. This is projected to boost aviation industry performance by creating avenue for fair competition platform between more established airlines and the growing competitors like Arik Air(Bailey, 1986; Smith Ting, 2008). The rising fuel price is a matter of economic concern in the world, with Aviation fuel price estimated at $85 per barrel (IATA, 2010: online) the implication of which is an increase in running cost for airlines and this poses a high threat to Airlines. However, there is optimism that a global economic recovery is on the way with the world economy expected to grow 2.7% in 2010 (World Bank, 2010: Online) and the aviation industry is forecasted to reduce its loss from $5.8 Billion in 2009 to $2.8 Billion in 2010. (Financial Times, 2010). The World travel & tourism council (2010) projects an increase in the number of holiday travellers in 2010 with further growth expec ted in 2011. The 2010 world cup is expected to boost travel to Africa in 2010 (Eberl, 2010). Â   Percentage change vs. 05-Mar-10 Index* $/b cts/gal $/mt 1 week ago 1 month ago 1 year ago Jet Fuel Price 243.3 89.0 211.9 701.4 3.4% 4.1% 80.3% Source: IATA (2010: Online) source from Platts * 100 in 2000 (87 cts/gal) Â   Impact on this year’s fuel bill of the global airline industry: New fuel price average for 2010 Impact on 2010 fuel bill $85.5/b +$13 billion Estimated by IATA Source: IATA (2010: Online)

Nonconsequentialist Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nonconsequentialist Theories - Essay Example The essay "Nonconsequentialist Theories" talks about the Non Consequentialist theories that state that consequences should not find their way into our moral judgments. It means that actions are to be judged good or right in line with other criteria i.e. divine command or intuitions. They are categorized as; Act non-consequential theories and Rule non-consequentialist theories.Rule Non-Consequentialist theories are of the idea that blanket rules should be employed to govern the society since they will introduce a greater good. One of the major examples in Rule Non-Consequential theory is the divine command theory that claims that our only source of morality or moral authority is from a higher source, a spiritual deity like God. On the real world, an example is the adherers of the Catholic Church. Many of these followers base their moral values on what is written in the Bible. They believe whatever the scripture says or its interpretation by the church leaders to be moral. Two examples are the Catholic Church’s opposition to birth control and homosexuality. These stands would never be agreed upon by secular reasoning alone, it takes religion. Act Non-Consequentialist Theories are of the idea that we should not employ general or blanket rules but act on a case by case basis. The theory states that only individual acts and situations count morally. The theory is against generalization since every situation is different. They are based on emotions and intuitions to be able to come up with moral conclusions.

Essay on Health Studies Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

On Health Studies - Essay Example re is universal access to personal health among many nations of the world but there seems to be a link between the levels of income to the access to healthcare. The differentiations in both countries come in form of age, ethnicity, religion and the surrounding community (Tumushabe, 2006)). Further, many analysts argue that the low social and economic demographics in Africa, where Uganda falls explains the high level of inequality in that part of the world. In that regard, it is wise to argue that poverty stricken areas that have higher inequalities that boil down to the impact of HIV in Britain and Uganda and further explaining why the scourge is worse in Uganda than in Britain. One thing is evident; a fact that would be corroborated in the paper, that Uganda has a higher level of inequality in social, economic and political inequalities than Britain and the same is evidenced in manifestation of the scourge of not only HIV but also other diseases. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a slowly reproducing retrovirus that is responsible for AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), a medical condition that threatens human immune system and leaves it vulnerable for all manner of opportunistic diseases. The virus is caused by transfer of blood from a sick person or exchange of semen, vaginal fluids and other bodily fluids involved during sexual intercourse (Stolley & Glass, 2009). One of the major pandemics of the 21st century, HIV has robbed the world of valuable human resource and left millions of orphans around the world, especially in developing nations. The burden caused by this pandemic has gone beyond affected nations to other countries with relatively low prevalence rates by having huge resources committed to fighting the disease abroad. One such program has been the Global Fund initiated by the United Nations where rich nations contribute into a common pool for a worldwide campaign on HIV-AIDS. Different countries have diverse tactics for fighting

The English Patient Essay Example for Free

The English Patient Essay Identity Crisis in Michael Ondaatjes The English Patient Lerzan G?ltekin Atillm University in Ankara, Turkey [emailprotected] edu. tr Abstract The aim of this paper is to analyze identity crisis in Michael Ondaatjes The English Patient from a postcolonial perspective through the concept of nationalism and national identity, emphasizing cultural, psychological and physical displacement due to colonization, travelling, exploration and space / place (cartography), referring to the theories and views of Benedict Anderson, Homi Bhabba, Franz Fanon, Edward Said, and so on. The paper will mainly focus on the erasure of the national identities and selves of a group of European explorers, scientists and spies, including the colonized Kip, an Indian, serving as a bomb defuser in the British Army. Even though these scientists mission is to map the desert, they can hardly achieve it. The desert is uncontrollable and unreliable because of sand storms. Its surface changes rapidly and one can be lost forever. In other words, the desert is the metaphor of their unreliable national identities that are fragmented and varied because of their traumatic personal xperiences in this alien landscape and culture. The paper will emphasize the fragility of identities and selves even for those who represent European civilization and Imperial Rule as hegemonic powers together with the colonized Kip who is shaped by these powers as a hybrid identity. Key Words: hybridity, nationalism, national identity, postnationalism, space / place The English Patient is a novel that seeks to explore the problem of identity and displacement, experienced both by colonizer and colonized. As known, identity is a social construct and largely determined by the relationship between self and other. It is through our sense of identity that we identify ourselves as members of various ethnic groups or nations as well as social classes which provide us with a sense of belonging. Likewise, nations are communities which provide a sense of belonging through the individuals feeling of connectedness to his or her fellow men. In other words, individuals think that they are a part of one collective body, namely, a community known as nation, which is in fact an idea, defined by Benedict Anderson as an imagined political community (6). The survival of nations depend upon nvention and performance of traditions, histories, symbols which help people sustain their identity. However, it mostly depends on traditions and narration of history, which are central elements. Therefore, national history is important in the sense that it narrates the past as a common experience that belongs to a community. It creates one particular version of the past and identity to constitue a common past and a collective identity of any given community. In other words, nations are imaginary communities, to use Benedict Andersons phrase, and nationalism is based on the very concept of a unified imaginary community. Furthermore, nations shared territory which they believe they own and therefore have the right to separate from other peoples land by means of borders. As an idea, scholars usually agree that it is Western in origin, that it came into existence with the development of Western capitalism, industrialization and colonial expansion, which paved the way for imperialism. However, starting with the 90s, nationalism, nation and national identity began to lose their significance as the world was becoming increasingly international, particularly after the period of decolonization. The concept of nation / nationalism nd national identity as Western ideas stimulated colonized peoples to develop their own sense of nationalism and national identity against the colonial, national identity of the West. However, this anticolonial nationalism could not provide the colonised peoples with a sense of homogeneous national unity due to the diversity of ethnic groups within them, particularly because the elite nationalist rule neglected the subaltern masses and privileged the elite over the subaltern, which turned nationalism into a rule of elite dominations, as argued by Frantz Fanon in his The Wretched of the Earth. Hence, there emerged from Western capitalism and colonization the concepts of nation and nationalism as indispensible components of imperialist expansion, but failing to bring national liberation to the heterogeneous groups of people in the former colonies despite their opposition to imperialist domination as anticolonial nationalism. Be it colonial or anti-colonial, both are essentialist and racist in the sense that they supported the ruling elite while ignoring the less privileged ethnic groups. The English Patient (hereafter will be cited as EP) is a novel that questions he nation and nationalism that shape identities through colonial and anti-colonial nationalisms. The characters are all exiles from their homeland who have gathered together at the Villa San Girolamo at the end of World War II. Hana is a Canadian nurse, who volunteered for war service and who has to have an abortion because the father of her unborn child has been killed. Furthermore, she is on the verge of a nervous breakdown because of the news of her fathers death by burns and her continous dealing with the wounded and the dying. As the Canadian Infantry Division ontinues to advance in Italy, she stays behind at the villa to nurse a dying burnt man who is called the English patient. The third member of the villa other than these two is Kip, a Sikh, who is a sapper in the British army and finally, Caravaggio, the thief, an Italian-Canadian who was a friend of Hanas father. The novels central figure is the English patient whose identity is already erased as he is burnt beyond recognition. In fact, he is the Hungarian Court Ladislaus de Almasy, a desert explorer who helped the Germans navigate the deserts. Although his duty is to delineate, name and in a ense possess the unmapped desert, which is a vast territory, in the end his own identity, which is the map of his own features, has been erased and he is known only as the English patient. In fact, the inhabitants of the Villa are all diplaced because they are exiles who have found new identities in a place other than their homeland. In a sense, they formed a new community in the Villa, which is like Eden, isolated from the outside world of war and violence. Since the novel questions colonial and colonial hierarchies, particularly the imperial conception of space/place through the apping of the desert, which is an instrument of colonial domination, and the deserts elusiveness because of its vastness and uncontrollable sand storms. In fact, mapping a space means to name it and possess it as it becomes a place as seized territory, which will help invaders, explorers and traders to realize their plans and aspirations. Almasy is aware of the fact that mapping is a form of knowledge for power and domination: The ends of the earth are never the points on a map that colonists push against, enlarging their sphere of influence. On one side servants and slaves and tides of ower and correspondence with the Geographical Society.

The Relaxation Factor of Spas Essay -- Descriptive Spa Spas Relaxing E

The Relaxation Factor of Spas Most people get a look of relaxation on their face when someone says the word, spa. The imagery of mud baths, facials, manicures, pedicures, and massages triggers a feeling of complete relaxation. Many different types of people visit spas. A writer for About.com, Julie Register, explains the different types of people who visit spas. She says, â€Å"people like a traveler that has jet lag, a mother who would like to break away from her children for awhile, or even a person who is experiencing acne, visit spas† (Register). While looking for the origin of the word â€Å"spa,† I found on the internet that there are many possible origins. Julie Register from About.com says a possible origin is from the Latin word â€Å"Espa,† meaning to bubble up, or â€Å"Sanus Per Aquam† meaning health by or through water (Register). I was curious as to how spas had originally begun. While engulfing my mind into information I found on the internet, I found two distinct ways that spas had begun. Register also explains this to me. She says that as early as five hundred BC, Homer and other Greek writers say that Greeks favored a variety of baths. This included water baths and air baths (Register). Almost all of us are familiar with water baths. Water baths are the same thing as what we call the average â€Å"baths.† During one of these â€Å"water baths,† the person receiving the treatment has their body submerged in water with a temperature of their liking. However, I was not familiar with what an air bath was. While continuing to research, on the internet, I found that air baths are what we call saunas, today. Air baths are somewhat related to a water bath, except there is no water. In air baths, the receiver of the bath is ... ...ated in different countries and cultures, but past societies all had the same idea – relaxation by water. Today the spa business has boomed, but all spas focus on one thing – water. I have gone to many different spas and have experienced this first hand. Spas provide something for everyone. Works Cited Brown, Anita. â€Å"What Does a Spa Do?† About.com. 18 Oct. 2004 . â€Å"What is a Spa, Anyway?† About.com. 18 Oct.2004 . Foley, Jo. â€Å"Spas: A Brief History Two Centuries of Relaxation.† Hilary Spa & Beauty. 18 Oct. 2004 . Personal Survey. 18 Oct. 2004. Register, Julie. â€Å"Spa Evolution, A Brief History of Spas.† About.com. 18 Oct. 2004 .

Adolescent Identity Exploration: A Test of Erikson

Theory of Transitional Crisis Kidwell, Dunham, and Richard (1995) investigated Erikson’s theory that adolescent identity exploration is associated with a variety of symptoms, such as fluctuations in ego strength, mood swings, rebelliousness, and heightened physical symptoms. They sampled a total of 82 high school students (43 males, 39 females) between the ages of 14 and 17.These students were academically superior high school students who attended the Florida State University Summer Science and Mathematics Camp during the summers of 1988 (30 students) and 1989 (52 students). The minimum requirements for admission to the program included percentile ranks of 90 or more on standardized achievement tests, as well as sustained high academic performance. The students were from the middle-to-upper-middle class socioeconomic status. They responded to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Ego Identity Interview (Grotevant & Cooper, 1981).Results showed that ad olescents who were actively engaged in identity exploration were more likely to produce a personality pattern characterized by self doubt, confusion, disturbed thinking, impulsivity, conflict with parents and authority figures, reduced ego strength, and increased physical symptoms. Although results were interesting, there are several limitations in the study that must be considered. The Ego Identity Interview (Grotevant & Cooper, 1981) was based on Marcia’s (1964) operationalization of Erikson’s theory (1968) regarding adolescence as a time of increased exploration and commitment.The semi-structured interview was designed to gather evidence of exploration and commitment in six domains: occupation, religion, politics, friendships, dating, and sex roles. Family relationship was not one of the domains in the Ego Identity Interview. Family should be included as one of the domains to be measured because it plays a big role in an adolescent’s life. Adolescents who are exploring may tend to have poor social judgment and may be rebellious and hostile toward parents and authority figures whom they tend to blame for their own problems (Feldman, 2003).As such, it is important to include the family domain in the interview to assess adolescents’ commitment and relationship with their immediate family members. Next, Erikson’s theory does not apply to people in reduced economic circumstances who cannot afford a moratorium in adolescence to explore different roles and develop an ego identity. Moratorium is a period in which an adolescent avoids commitment. This stage may be a luxury available only to those with means to attend college or take time out to travel (Slugowski & Ginsburg, 1989 as cited in Schultz & Schultz, 2005).The socioeconomic status of the families-of-origin for the student samples was middle-to-upper-middle class. Therefore this fits with the criteria of adolescents to confirm Erikson’s theory. Generalizations could not be made to all adolescents, especially those coming from the lower socioeconomic status. Furthermore, this study was carried out in the United States, as such, it could not be compared to other adolescents across other cultures. Erikson argued that the period of active exploration is likely pronounced in the gifted, just like the sample in this study.A similar pattern of findings may not be revealed in a less select group of comparable age. Perhaps the â€Å"crisis† will surface at a later age, or perhaps the profiles will differ. Such questions remain to be addressed in future research. Also, the adolescent in this study were involved in a new and unfamiliar environment, being in a camp away from their families and living on a college campus for a period of six weeks. This may imply that the exploration process may be encouraged by the exposure to the new and different environment.The adolescent may likely to be experiencing a need to explore and learn about the new sett ing they are in. This may lead to confusion and uncertainties which may result in the skewed results of the study. When Erikson developed his theory, he suggested that males and females move through the identity versus identity confusion period differently. He argued that males are more likely to proceed through the social development stages in order, developing a stable identity before committing to an intimate relationship with another person.In contrast, he suggested that females reverse the order, seeking intimate relationships and then defining their identities through these relationships (Feldman, 2003). These ideas should be considered by the researchers when designing this study. Gender differences in identity formation should be explored. This also suggests that Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development may not always progress in the order he proposed. Despite the limitations, Erikson’s theory had a great deal of popular appeal, as he shifted the focus away from the more psychosexual emphasis of Freud’s toward a more psychosocial focus.Erikson elaborated on Freud’s stages of development. Whereas Freud emphasized on early childhood, Erikson suggested that development continues in a succession of 8 stages over the entire lifespan. Erikson made efforts to collect cross-cultural data, which is something that Sigmund Freud never did. His theory has been validated in cross cultural studies for example by Nurmi, Poole, & Kalakoski (1996) who studied Australian and Finnish adolescents. This helped to show that his theory had explanatory power that extended beyond a limited population.References Feldman, R. S. (2003). Development across the life span. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Kidwell, J. , Dunham, S. , & Richard, M. (1995). Adolescent identity exploration: A test of Erikson’s theory of transitional crisis. Adolescence, 30, 1-7. Retrieved May 8, 2008 from EbscoHost database. Nurmi, J. E. , Poole, M. E. , & Kalakos ki, V. (1996). Age differences in adolescent identity exploration and commitment in urban and rural environments. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 443-452. Retrieved May 8, 2008 from EbscoHost database. Schultz, D. P. & Schultz, S. E. (2005). Theories of Personality. 8th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.

Music Reaction Essay

Beethoven’s Symphony No. 5, Movement, 1 and Stravinsky’s Firebird Suite are two compositions that initially sound quite similar. They are both dramatic, extremely intense, and have the ability to leave a lasting impression upon listeners. There are, however, several key differences that separate the two, including expression, timbre, and overall effect. Although the melodies and general manner of the two pieces may seem alike, Symphony No. 5 is much more grand and composed while the Firebird Suite is more erratic and less sophisticated as a whole. Symphony No.5 is arguably one of the most famous compositions in the world, and begins with a melody with which most people are familiar. Within the first four notes, it is evident that the piece was written in a minor key with a respective melody. There is a vast range of notes throughout the symphony, with the high and low pitches resulting in two different effects. In many compositions, the most dramatic part of a song will typically consist of notes in higher octaves; but in Symphony No. 5, it is the lower pitches that make up the main melody and seem to be the most dramatic. By building the song around lower pitches, Beethoven has created an air of potential energy, with light runs and scales from the string sections providing the harmonies and escalating the drama of the lower notes. One of the most noticeable characteristics of the main melody line is the rhythm and repetition of the phrase. It consists of a triplet that stays on one note, and then jumps to a lower note that is sustained. As this phrase is repeated, it also starts to create the beat of the symphony, which is extremely clear. Even as the instruments add in quicker-paced scales that go up and down in the background, there is a strong and steady pace that is maintained by the melody line. With the melody line being able to stand out amongst all the other symphony parts, it develops a very bold and brooding musical expression. It is so vivid and moody, that one can picture Beethoven himself, walking briskly through the streets of Vienna while everyone else automatically clears the way for him. Symphony No. 5 has essentially became an extension of its composer, reflecting everything he was trying to express—the various components of his own personality and outlook. Beethoven also adds variation to the song through changes in tempo and dynamics. The quicker tempos tend to serve as a way of building up each musical phrase, yet are played at a fairly piano to pianissimo level. Like the drama that the lower pitches create, the parts that are played quietly also create potential energy that makes the louder, slower, and lower parts of the song that much more impactful. In terms of texture, Symphony No. 5 is surprisingly simple considering the intricacy of the notes and the way all of the instrumental parts are pieced together. There are several pauses that add tension to the song, while also eliminating too much unnecessary sound or instrumentals. This symphony, overall, has a very dark and intense timbre. It is dramatic and moody, but at a sustainable level that is not too harsh on the listeners’ ears—that is, it is relatively easy to listen to for a lengthy period of time due to the lower pitches and pianissimo parts that allow for the audience not to be overwhelmed. Stravinsky’s Firebird, similar to Beethoven’s piece, also begins with an introduction of accented notes and lower pitches. In this song, however, it is the higher notes that are accented rather than the lower pitches. The melody is also not nearly as easy to follow, as there is significantly less repetition. Even though both compositions involve similar instruments, Firebird uses many of the higher voices as the focal point of the song rather than the lower instruments. Throughout the piece, high strings, the xylophone, and even higher octaves played by the trombone can all be heard. The Firebird harmonies are also much more muddled and not necessarily played in sync with the melody line. There seems to be several different rhythms that are being played simultaneously during the louder, more dramatic sections of the song. This makes it quite difficult to find and maintain the beat of the piece, whereas Beethoven’s symphony is easier to follow. Regardless of its lack of simplicity, Firebird is just as expressive as Symphony No. 5. The significant change in tempo and dynamics create emotion within the piece, adding depth to the song. Firebird’s dynamic changes, in fact, may be even more dramatic as it ranges from pianissimo to fortissimo; and since the higher pitches are the tones being emphasized, it is much less understated than Beethoven’s piece. It is also more complex in terms of texture. Not only does the showcasing of more instruments add to the composition, but Firebird also has more measures that serve as a relief from the otherwise frantic nature of the song. While most of the piece is intense, there are bits of it that sound light-hearted and carefree. During these sections, the tempo is not always slower but there are fewer instruments overlapping each other, resulting in less chaos. Still, it is Firebird’s timbre that makes it clear how different it is from Symphony No. 5. It is bright, brilliant, and harsh, simply because of the pairing of high pitches with a loud dynamic marking and a quick tempo. Perhaps this is a clever decision by Stravinsky, trying to mimic the calls of a wild bird—shrill, shrieking, and somewhat harsh on the ears at times. When comparing the two compositions, it is clear that Stravinsky’s Firebird is more complex; but Beethoven’s Symphony No. 5 is much more composed overall. It is not as aggressive in terms of loud, shrieking high notes, but rather understated and intense. This also evokes more emotion out of the audience, as it plays on the darkness and moodiness of Beethoven’s personality. Firebird is undoubtedly entertaining and a complicated work of art; but when it comes to which piece is easier to listen to and which makes more sense upon first impression, it is surpassed by Symphony No. 5.

Chicomoztoc, the Mythical Place of Aztec Origins

Chicomoztoc, the Mythical Place of Aztec Origins Chicomoztoc (â€Å"The Place of the Seven Caves† or â€Å"The Cave of the Seven Niches†) is the mythological cave of emergence for the Aztec/Mexica, the Toltecs, and other groups of  Central Mexico and northern Mesoamerica. It is frequently depicted in Central Mexican codices, maps, and other written documents known as lienzos, as a subterranean hall surrounded by seven chambers. In the surviving depictions of Chicomoztoc, each chamber is labeled with a pictograph that names and illustrates a different Nahua lineage that emerged from that particular place in the cave. As with other caves illustrated in Mesoamerican art, the cave has some animal-like characteristics, such as teeth or fangs and eyes. More intricate renderings show the cave as a lion-like monster out of whose gaping mouth the original people emerge. A Shared Pan-Mesoamerican Mythology Emergence from a cave is a common thread found throughout ancient Mesoamerica and among groups living in the area today. Forms of this myth can be found as far north as the American Southwest among cultural groups such as the Ancestral Puebloan or Anasazi people. They and their modern descendants built sacred rooms in their communities known as kivas, where the entrance to the sipapu, the Puebloan place of origin, was marked in the center of the floor. One famous example of a pre-Aztec emergence place is the human-made cave under the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan. This cave differs from the Aztec account of emergence because it has only four chambers. Another constructed Chicomoztoc-like emergence shrine is found at the site of Acatzingo Viejo, in the State of Puebla, central Mexico. It more closely parallels the Aztec account due to its having seven chambers carved into the walls of a circular rock outcropping. Unfortunately, a modern road was cut directly through this feature, destroying one of the caves. Mythical Reality Many other places have been proposed as possible Chicomoztoc shrines, among which is the site of La Quemada, in Northwest Mexico. Most experts believe that Chicomoztoc was not necessarily a specific, physical place but, like Aztalan, a widespread idea among many Mesoamerican people of a mythical cave as a  place of emergence for both humans and gods, from which each group materialized and identified itself within their own sacred landscape. Updated by  K. Kris Hirst Sources Aguilar, Manuel, Miguel Medina Jaen, Tim M. Tucker, and James E. Brady, 2005, Constructing Mythic Space: The Significance of a Chicomoztoc Complex at Acatzingo Viejo. In the Maw of the Earth Monster: Mesoamerican Ritual Cave Use, edited by James E. Brady and Keith M. Prufer, 69-87. University of Texas Press, Austin Boone, Elizabeth Hill, 1991, Migration Histories As Ritual Performance. In To Change Place: Aztec Ceremonial Landscapes, edited by David Carrasco, pp. 121-151. University of Colorado Press, Boulder Boone, Elizabeth Hill, 1997, Prominent Scenes and Pivotal Events in the Mexican Pictorial Histories. In Cà ³dices y Documentos sobre Mà ©xico: Segundo Simposio, edited by Salvador Rueda Smithers, Constanza Vega Sosa, and Rodrigo Martà ­nez Baracs, pp. 407-424. vol. I. Instituto Nacional de Antropologà ­a E Historia, Mexico, D.F. Boone, Elizabeth Hill, 2000, Stories in Red and Black: Pictorial Histories of the Aztecs and Mixtecs. University of Texas, Austin. Carrasco, David, and Scott Sessions, 2007, Cave, City, and Eagles Next: An Interpretative Journey Through the Mapa de Cuauhtinchan No. 2. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Durn, Fray Diego, 1994, The Histories of The Indies of New Spain. Translated by Doris Heyden. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Hers, Marie-Areti, 2002, Chicomoztoc. A Myth Reviewed, in Arqueologà ­a Mexicana, vol 10, Num.56, pp: 88-89. Heyden, Doris, 1975, An Interpretation of the Cave Underneath the Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan, Mexico. American Antiquity 40:131-147. Heyden, Doris, 1981, The Eagle, The Cactus, The Rock: The Roots of Mexico-Tenochtitlans Foundation Myth and Symbol. BAR International Series No. 484. B.A.R., Oxford. Monaghan, John, 1994, The Covenants with Earth and Rain: Exchange, Sacrifice, and Revelation In Mixtec Sociality. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Taube, Karl A., 1986, The Teotihuacan Cave of Origin: The Iconography and Architecture of Emergence Mythology in Mesoamerica and the American Southwest. RES 12:51-82. Taube, Karl A., 1993, Aztec and Maya Myths. The Legendary Past. University of Texas Press, Austin. Weigland, Phil C., 2002, Creation Northern Style, in Arqueologà ­a Mexicana, vol 10, Num.56, pp: 86-87.

Principles of Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Principles of Criminal Law - Essay Example The punishment is the same notwithstanding whether the offender used a weapon against the victim or not. However for the accused person to be liable for such offences, wounding must have occurred. This means that a discontinuity of the skin must occur on the body of the victim, and at least a drop of blood must fall outside the body of the victim (Cross, 1995). It is worth noting that under section 47 of the act, bodily harm, or injury may occur to a person without directly or indirectly applying physical violence to the victim (MacDonald, 1948). The substance of the law in such a case is whether the victim would find such acts perpetrated against them either unpleasant or harmful. The law requires that it is enough for the accused to have foreseen that physical harm to some person might result. In our case, Mr. Steven Roberts committed two acts that resulted to bodily harm and physical injuries to two victims, namely his girl friend and the alleged man whom the girlfriend was cheati ng with against Mr. Steven. However, the substance of the law in the two accounts of this case are different, in that, in the first account, Mr. Steven had no intention of inflicting any bodily injury or physical harm to his girlfriend. He only meant to surprise her, an act that accidentally resulted to the girlfriend falling from the staircase and being injured. However, on the second account, Mr. Steven shoved off the man accompanying his girlfriend to make him move out of the way. In so doing, he ended up inflicting physical harm on the man, through banging him against a glass door that injured him. It can therefore, be found that while in the first account Mr. Steven did not have the intention to harm, in the second account, he ought to have foreseen that physical harm might result to the man he shoved off (Smith, 2008). This therefore makes the two accounts different in the substance of the law, something that means the accused can be liable for the accounts differently. If not found guilty for the first account, it is likely that the second account would make him liable. Thus, it is worth treating the two accounts separately in the attempt to seek legal defense for the case against Mr. Steven (MacDonald, 1975). The first account of Mr. Steven causing bodily harm against her girl friend appears defined within the confinement of section 47 of the 1861 act (Milton, 1996). The first account is admissible under the laws pertaining to common assault, whose punishment is the payment of a recommended fine or an imprisonment not exceeding six months or both. There is a defense available for Mr. Steven against the first account (Smith, 2005). Consent is applicable as one of the defense, where it requires that if the harm caused is not so severe, and there is a recognizable good reason for the offence, then the accused can be relieved of the criminal liability (Greaves, 2006). Since Mr. Steven’s intention was not to harm his girlfriend, then if the injury ha ppens not to be severe, then he can be relieved the criminal responsibility to assault (Smith, 1998). In the second account, Mr. Steven charge is under section 18 of the 1861 act because; he caused wounding and bodily harm to the man accompanying his girlfriend (Glanville, 1983). The proof that wounding was caused is the fact that there was a fall of blood from the body of the victim. The prosecution will be able to prove

Arguement-memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arguement-memo - Essay Example You will note from my discussion that after intensive research on this debate I arrived at the conclusion that much, if not most opposition stems from a few who in a sense are praying on vulnerable consumers by appealing to their sense of ethics and frightening them using science, when in reality they are attacking the multinational companies involved in the production of GM crops. I recommend that multinationals take stock of Monsanto’s pledge which proposes advocating five commitments: respect, transparency, dialogue, sharing, and benefits. By doing so they will be better equipped to curb opposing assumptions and hearsay and at the same time better equip consumers to make their own judgments and make up their own minds as to the safety and whether they consume GM food. GM food has incited intense open debate, extensive scientific dialogue and widespread media coverage. This memo will summarize the pros and cons of the issue, address the main strengths and weaknesses of both sides and wrap up with three or four recommendations. Although there has been an enormous amount of information on the possible benefits of GM food supplied by scientists and other specialists, and authorities, there is fervent consumer opinion that genetically modified (GM) food yields, could lead to unfavorable results in a variety of areas. Arguments have focused on the â€Å"health implications and environmental impact of cultivating GM crops and have raised disputes over national interests, global policy, and corporate agendas.† (Hsin, 2002, para.1) Although there are a number of facets to this dispute, it should be kept in the perspective of scientific evidence, together with a vigilant consideration of agricultural potential now and in the future. Proponents of GM food claim they are more nutritious and aesthetically pleasing as well as possessing a longer shelf life allowing more time for administration and transportation. They purport that GM crops undergo